It will fit an MP15 lower. You can use the same charging handle and BCG from your MP15. All NFA rules apply.
The Aero Precision M4E1 Enhanced 16in .300 Blackout Quantum Handguard Complete Upper Receiver model APAR640112M4 has 7 MLOK mounting surfaces around the handguard.
That model has an M-LOK Handguard.
This upper will work on any standard AR-15 lower receiver and will allow the user to shoot .300 Blackout ammo out of their AR. You would need the ammo and I would recommend .300 Blackout specific magazines to avoid any confusion and to set yourself up for the best function.
It will fit on that lower but you will need a 5.56 / .300BLK BCG.
Yes, the top rail will run the length of the upper and entire handguard.
No, these have a standard low profile gas block installed and it is not adjustable.
It is extremely dependent on the caliber, ammo, and overall set up, but assuming its a standard 5.56 16 inch upper and everything is very basic, you would likely want to stick with a carbine or H1 weight buffer.
These uppers fit any standard MIL-SPEC AR-15 lower receiver.
No, the bolt carrier group and charging handle are not included.