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Extra high height or ideally an AR platform designed one piece mount would put you at the proper height between 1.4" - 1.6". You will notice the front sight in the lower portion of the optic but it will become less noticeable as you move up in magnification.
On this system, we would recommend the 1" medium-height Pro-Series rings for proper fitment and clearance of objective and magnification ring.
To mount the Vortex Diamondback 1.75-5x32mm Rifle Scope to a Ruger 10/22 I recommend using a picatinny base if it does not have a scope base already. The compatible base can be found at the first link below. I also recommend using 1in diameter low or medium height rings. These can be found at the second link below.
https://www.opticsplanet.com/weaver-tactical-multi-slot-bases.html?_iv_parent-gun-model=ruger-10-sl-22&_iv_code=WR-MT-BFCFDE-48335&_iv_gun-model=ruger-10-sl-22
https://www.opticsplanet.com/vortex-30mm-riflescope-rings.html?_iv_tube-diameter=1-in&_iv_ring-height=low-0-dot-63-in-1,medium-0-dot-87-in
This Vortex Diamondback 1.75-5x32mm Rifle Scope will work well on that rifle. Just ensure you have the correct rings to mount properly. Here is a guide if you need help selecting rings.
https://www.opticsplanet.com/howto/how-to-how-to-measure-scope-height-scope-ring-height.html
The Vortex Diamondback 1.75-5x32mm Riflescope will work with 450 Bush. Vortex states that the solid one-piece aircraft-grade aluminum alloy construction makes it virtually indestructible and highly resistant to magnum recoil.
For the Vortex Diamondback 1.75-5x32mm Riflescope you can use Butler creek flip up caps for the objective and eyepiece. Below are links to both the eyepiece cover and objective lens cover.
Objective lens: size 15/39.3mm
https://www.opticsplanet.com/butler-creek-flip-open-scope-covers.html?_iv_size=15
Eyepiece: size 17/42.5mm
https://www.opticsplanet.com/butler-creek-eyepiece-flip-open-scope-covers.html?_iv_size=17
Yes this scope could be mounted on a 1903 Springfield.
The length of this item is 10.2 in.
The knobs aren't "low-profile", but you shouldn't have anything to worry about with a side mount.
Yes, this can be mounted to an AR upper receiver regardless of the caliber.